Search Jobs

Join our dynamic team at the City of Sunnyvale as we seek a visionary Principal Network & Systems Engineer for our innovative Information Technology Department.  As the leader of our Network & Systems team, you'll spearhead cutting-edge initiatives in network, storage, and servers, while also championing transformative IT infrastructure projects.  Your network and systems expertise along with your top-notch customer service, will be pivotal in ensuring our success.  From troubleshooting complex issues to conducting thorough systems analysis, you'll thrive in a fast-paced environment.  Moreover, your exceptional communication skills will shine as you collaborate with IT and business stakeholders, consultants, contractors, and the public.   Join us in shaping the future of technology in Sunnyvale and beyond!

The Information Technology Department (ITD) provides secure, reliable and integrated technology solutions in alignment with the needs and goals throughout the city in a timely manner, while delivering excellence in customer service. Within the department, the Infrastructure Services Division manages the City's server and storage platform, network (voice and data) infrastructure, desktops and laptops, emergency and non-emergency radios, operating system for all hardware, desktop applications and email in a manner that enables City Staff to support the City’s operations effectively and efficiently.

The City of Sunnyvale provides an excellent benefits package, please refer to the city website for current details on employee benefits. A complete application packet will consist of a City of Sunnyvale employment application and responses to the required supplemental questions. The final filing date is Monday, May 13, 2024 at 5:00 pm. For complete information regarding this opportunity, please visit: Sunnyvale.ca.gov and click on JOBS.

Salary $72.38 - $92.38 Hourly

Come join our Orinda Facilities Team!

The City of Orinda is looking for responsible, courteous individuals who enjoy working in a hands-on environment, can work independently of supervision and have experience dealing tactfully and effectively with members of the public.  The successful applicant will work on a part time basis with a schedule which will include evening and weekend hours, depending upon programs, rentals and events.   

The Facility Attendant performs custodial duties related to the care and cleaning of assigned facilities, performs a wide variety of duties for events, classes and programs, including setting up and tearing down of tables, chairs, equipment and supplies and will perform minor maintenance and repairs as needed.   

The City of Orinda's mission is to provide excellent service in a fiscally responsible manner and to promote a safe, healthy and vibrant community.

EXAMPLES OF IMPORTANT AND ESSENTIAL DUTIES

Provide friendly and professional customer service by greeting Community Center visitors, serving as a main point of contact during activities and events primarily in evenings, weekends and special events.

Performs custodial duties at assigned facilities which include, but are not limited to cleaning, sweeping, vacuuming, mopping, waxing, stripping and polishing floors; cleaning furniture, woodwork, fixtures, equipment, supplies, doors, windows, walls, walkways, driveways, and facility grounds; disposing of trash.

Set up all necessary equipment and furniture such as tables, chairs, podiums, and A/V equipment for indoor and/or outdoor events.

Inspects facilities and equipment, reports issues in a timely manner to appropriate higher-level staff; performs minor facility maintenance.

Explain and follow City and department policies and procedures.

Provide information and feedback to Facility and Parks Supervisor.

Opens, closes, secures and alarms facilities in compliance with standard procedures.

Supervise and interact with rental guests, responding by assisting with any facility needs.

Assists in monitoring and maintaining equipment and supplies.

May perform clean up duties as needed, including but not limited to:  move and arrange furniture and equipment, restroom cleaning, sweeping and mopping, and garbage pick-up and removal.

Perform related duties and responsibilities as assigned.

JOB RELATED AND ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS

Act with resourcefulness, courtesy and initiative with a minimum of direct supervision.

Understand and follow oral and written instructions.

Communicate clearly and concisely, both orally and in writing.

Pay attention to detail and use good judgement.

Learn, retain and use safety rules and regulations.

Communicate clearly, both orally and in writing, with good English grammar skills.

Principles of record keeping and reporting.

Operate a motor vehicle safely and in full compliance with Vehicle Code and other legal requirements.

Principles and practices used in dealing with the public in an effective and courteous manner.

Prepare, maintain, update, and proofread records, logs, and reports.

Set up and use necessary equipment and cleaning supplies.

Deal tactfully and effectively with the members of the community.

Establish, maintain, and foster positive and harmonious working relationships with those contacted in the course of work.

Minimum Qualifications:

Education: Equivalent to a High School Diploma.

Experience:  Experience in custodial and facility operations is desirable.

License or Certificate: Possession of a valid California Driver’s License with a demonstrated history of safe driving.

Special Requirements:

Essential duties require the following physical skills and work environment:

Must be willing to work a scheduled variety of hours, which may include evenings, and/or weekends, as needed.

Sufficient personal mobility and physical reflexes to enable the employee to safely lift, move, climb, walk safely on even or uneven grounds, or maneuver in whatever way may be necessary to successfully perform the duties of their position; ability to travel to different sites and locations.

Ability to pass a comprehensive background check and pre-employment medical exam.  Additionally, individuals working in Parks & Recreation are required to be tested for TB.

The City of Orinda is an Equal Opportunity Employer and does not discriminate against race, color, religion, national origin, age, sex origin or disability.  In accordance with Federal law, the City of Orinda will only hire individuals who are legally authorized to work in the United States.  Candidates with a disability which may require special assistance in any phase of the application or testing process should submit a request for accommodation with the application.  Documentation of the need for accommodation must accompany the request.

The Human Resources Department is seeking qualified candidates for the position of Human Resources Technician – Employee Benefits and Wellness.
   
If you are interested in joining a team of professionals committed to providing innovative services and delivering exceptional customer service to current County employees, County retirees, and members of the community, we encourage you to apply.  Human Resources Technicians (HR Techs) perform a wide variety of technical and paraprofessional duties in support of our Human Resources divisions which include:

• Employee Benefits and Wellness
• Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) / Diversity and Inclusion
• Employee and Labor Relations
• Human Resources Information Management
• Risk Management and Workers' Compensation
• Talent Acquisition
• Training and Development
• Shared Services
• Strategic Support and Partnerships

The current vacancy is in the Employee Benefits and Wellness Division of the department. We are seeking a candidate who has a solid foundation in customer service, along with intermediate to advanced Excel skills to carry out daily tasks.
 
Working as part of the Benefits team, the new HR Tech will provide daily customer service support to County employees and retirees by answering questions about the generous benefits that are offered and conducting trainings and presentations to educate employees and retirees about their benefit packages.  Call center experience is extremely helpful, though not required. Exceptional customer service is a hallmark of the position.

Examples Of Duties

The HR Tech will be responsible for reconciling benefits reports and assisting in the development of dashboards. We are seeking an individual who can gather, organize, analyze, and explain benefit plan data effectively through concise reports. The ideal candidate will possess intermediate to advanced Excel proficiency, allowing them to create pivot tables, formulate equations, conduct calculations, generate visual data representations, and design forms/audit reports.

Additional duties for the HR Tech include assisting with the annual Employee Benefits Fair and determining eligibility requirements.  

The County offers a myriad of benefits which include, but are not limited to Medical, Dental, and Vision Insurance; Life Insurance; Flexible Spending and Health Savings Accounts; Deferred Compensation; Employee Assistance Program; and a nationally recognized Employee Wellness Program.
 
Because of the diversity, complexity, and breadth of the benefits we offer, the ability to learn, synthesize, and retain information is critical.  The HR Tech must be able to recall information, locate resources, interpret data, and impart information in a busy environment.  
 
We are looking for self-motivated, highly organized, flexible individuals who thrive in a fast-paced environment where priorities frequently change, but the mission remains constant – to maximize organizational and individual potential and position the County of San Mateo as an employer of choice.
 
The successful candidate will be extremely-well organized, have strong attention to detail, be capable of working independently within set guidelines, and show initiative.
 
Strong communication skills are a key element.  The chosen applicant will be able to communicate clearly and persuasively with employees at all levels of the organization and with the vendors and health care organizations who provide benefits to County employees.
 
Because this position deals with sensitive information, the chosen applicant will need to understand the importance of confidentiality, tact, and discretion.
 
This is an amazing opportunity to demonstrate and expand your data management skills, while working with a high-functioning team to ensure County employees and retirees understand and utilize the benefits available to them.

Benefits Division
The Employee Benefits Division, led by the Human Resources Benefits Manager, coordinates and administers benefits programs, providing assistance and technical support to County employees and retirees, benefit partners, and insurance providers.

Out team supports a workforce of over 6,000 active employees and 3,000 retirees.  We operate a customer service call center, conduct one-on-one and group benefits education, and facilitate large benefits-related training sessions.  We assist employees with benefit concerns, work closely with administrators and insurance providers to resolve County coverage issues quickly, and process benefit changes efficiently.  

The County offers a comprehensive benefits package, including medical, dental, vision, life insurance, and various voluntary benefits. Employees and their families also have access to a wide range of Wellness benefits and resources.

Qualifications

Experience and Education:  
Any combination of experience, education, and training that would provide the required knowledge, skills, and abilities is qualifying.

• A typical way to qualify is three years of increasingly responsible administrative support work with at least two years of HR-related work. 

Experience in Benefits is strongly preferred but not required.
 
Knowledge of:

• Microsoft Excel.
• Principles and practices of human resource/personnel administration and management.
• Federal, State, and local legislation involving human resource/personnel function.
• Organization, procedures, and operating details of the County or similar jurisdictions or agencies.
• Correct English usage, spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
• Modern office methods, procedures, and equipment including computer systems and HR-related programs and applications.

Skill/Ability to:

• Manage and analyze large amounts of complex data.
• Work independently with minimal supervision.
• Employ good judgment and make sound decisions in accordance with established procedures and policy.
• Learn and interpret laws and rules.
• Communicate effectively both orally and in writing.
• Understand and carry out oral and written directions.
• Achieve operating efficiency in an administrative office environment.
• Work under pressure and meet deadlines.
• Establish and maintain positive and cooperative working relationships with other employees and the public.

 
NOTE: The eligible list created from this recruitment will be used to fill this vacancy and could be used to fill other future vacancies in HR or other County Departments.

Application/Examination

Open & Promotional – Anyone may apply. Current County of San Mateo employees with at least six months (1040 hours) of continuous service in a classified regular, probationary, SEIU or AFSCME represented extra-help/term position prior to the final filing date will receive five points added to their final passing score on this examination.
 
Applications for this position will only be accepted online. If you are currently on the County's website, you may click the "Apply Online" button. If you are not on the County's website, please go to http://jobs.smcgov.org/ to apply. Responses to the supplemental questionnaire must be submitted in addition to our regular employment application form.
 
Important Information About the Examination Process 
The examination process will consist of the steps detailed below. Because of this process, not all applicants meeting the minimum qualifications are guaranteed advancement through the examination process.
  
Initial review of application materials.  At this step applicants submitting incomplete applications, lacking relevant qualifications, and/or not following instructions will be disqualified.  Applicants who pass this initial review will be further evaluated for relevant training and experience.
  
Application screening and auto-scored evaluation of relevant training and experience (T&E) that is based solely on the applicants' responses the supplemental questions. Those applicants whose application materials receive a passing score on the T&E evaluation and application screening will be invited to take the online computer-based examination.    
  
Panel interview (weight: 100%). Those applicants who pass the online computer-based exam will be interviewed by a panel of three subject matter experts.  Applicants who pass the interview will be placed on an eligible (or hiring) list and the top ranked candidates will be invited to a second interview and will meet with the Benefits team.  An Excel proficiency exam will be given as part of the second interview.
 
Recruitment and Examination Dates (tentative):
Deadline for Applications:  May 8, 2024
Application Screening and T & E Scoring:  May 13-15, 2024
Panel Interview:  May 29 and/or 30, 2024

The City of Mill Valley is accepting applications for Deputy Director - Arts & Recreation. If you are a seasoned, creative, and entrepreneurial  recreation professional looking for your next advancement opportunity, this may be the position for you. Mill Valley Recreation has a long history of innovative programming, first-class facilities, and strong community support. We invite you to join our legacy!

The Deputy Director supports the management and administration of the Recreation Department and directs a team of four Recreation Supervisors and their respective divisions and facilities. They work with the Director to establish and refine best practices for the creation, implementation, and delivery of recreation programming and services. Additionally, the incumbent will assist with the development and coordination of the City’s Parks and Recreation Commission, as well as its Arts Commission.

ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Including but not limited to):

•  Assists Director in supervision and administrative control over the organization, staffing, and operation of the Recreation Department and the 29,000 square foot Community Center.
• Engages in strategic thinking to develop and implement goals, objectives, priorities and policies.
• Provides staff assistance to the Director; provides interdepartmental support on various projects; develops and recommends modifications to recreation programs, facilities, policies, and procedures as appropriate.
• Conducts and supervises wide variety of special projects including policy analysis and development, program and facility development and customer service enhancement.
• Prepares a variety of regular and special reports and records on operations and activities related to the Arts & Recreation Department; develops professional service contracts, requests for qualification and proposal and completes grant applications and proposals.
• Responds to and resolves citizen inquiries and complaints and controversial issues.
• Represents the Department and the Director on various occasions and serves on a variety of internal and external committees. Acts in the absence of the Director.

TO VIEW JOB ANNOUNCEMENT, CLICK JOB PDF OR JOB ANNOUNCEMENT URL BELOW.

TO VIEW JOB ANNOUNCEMENT, CLICK JOB PDF OR JOB ANNOUNCEMENT URL BELOW.

City of San Rafael

Civic Engagement Manager

The City of San Rafael is seeking a dynamic and experienced Civic Engagement Manager (formal title is Civic Design Manager) to spearhead comprehensive engagement programs while coordinating the Communication Team's activities. This role will work within the City's visionary Digital Services and Open Government Department (Department), which executes pioneering strategies to build trust with the community, increase transparency, and improve access to government for all. This position is part of a strong team with a service-driven culture where each day presents fresh challenges and opportunities to tangibly impact the lives of San Rafael's residents, businesses, and visitors!

This leader will play a pivotal role in the City by enhancing outreach and engagement, fostering inclusivity, providing methods of two-way communication and helping the City tell its story to the community. Our team achieves this mission through human-centered design, process improvement, and performance measurement, all aimed at continuously enhancing service delivery and the use of digital technologies to improve the relationship between government and people. This role will oversee our Digital Analyst and entails serving as the primary communications strategist for the City. Responsibilities include adept project management, fostering interdepartmental collaboration, improving the user experience of our digital engagement, working with community partners, engaging with media outlets, tracking metrics, and actively promoting San Rafael's outstanding reputation. Join us in reimagining how we bring all voices to the table and make government easier to use for everyone in our community-apply today!

THE CITY
The City of San Rafael is focused on enhancing our community members’ quality of life through well-designed services and a positive workplace culture. San Rafael is the economic and cultural heart of Marin County, and its high quality of life is centered on its commercial districts, engaged neighborhoods, active lifestyles, and natural environments. San Rafael (population approx. 60,000) is a full-service city with a City Council/City Manager form of government with 12 departments, more than 400 employees, and a total citywide budget of approximately $172M. The City’s vision is to be a vibrant economic and cultural center reflective of its diversity. The City Council is engaged and seeks to strengthen the urban and commercial areas as well as sustain the beautiful natural environment.

TOGETHER SAN RAFAEL
San Rafael’s organizational culture framework is an initiative called “Together San Rafael.” City employees are the organization’s greatest asset, and talented individuals with diverse backgrounds who are creative, curious, and excited about a challenge are sought to join the team. All departments are results-driven, with the goal of best serving the needs of community members. The Together San Rafael initiative is focused on increasing the engagement of employees to modernize and improve services for the community. This initiative recognizes the interconnectedness of the customer and employee experience. Together San Rafael is about:

• Bringing staff and management together to collaborate cross-departmentally.
• Empowering all employees to share and implement their innovative ideas.
• Celebrating the innovation happening every day in our departments.

Employees across the organization developed these guiding principles and staff integrate them throughout their work. 

THE DEPARTMENT – Digital Services and Open Government
Government faces new challenges in the post-pandemic era. Community expectations of how government communicates, engages, and delivers services are changing. The City’s response is to assess what is working, what can be improved, and transform services to meet the needs of people and the expectations of modern times. 

To meet these challenges, the Digital Service and Open Government is guided by core values including: 

• Government should be designed with and for people.
• Empathy for all users leads to equitable outcomes.
• Data and information should be used to create trust, transparency, and better government.
• Building capacity across City teams empowers positive change.
• Technology should be secure, accessible, and make life easier.

The Department’s work is centered around four key focus areas including Civic Engagement, Digital Transformation, Data & Insights, and IT Operations and Maintenance. Our team collaborates interdepartmentally to innovate, improve processes, leverage data, empower citizens to participate in decision-making processes, and make access to municipal services more efficient. From improving the user-experience of City services to implementing open data initiatives that provide insights into government operations, staff is dedicated to creating a more inclusive and responsive government that serves the needs of all residents.

THE JOB
This is an exhilarating opportunity that puts this Civic Engagement Manager at the forefront of transforming community engagement, technology, and communication in the vibrant community of San Rafael. Reporting to the Director of Digital Service and Open Government, they will oversee the interdepartmental Communications Team and manage engagement operations in coordination with both the City Manager’s Office and other departments.

The Civic Engagement Manager will ensure that projects are completed on time, according to budget, and within the bounds of work contracts. They will direct website content strategy, guiding staff on user experience enhancements that will revolutionize the City's online presence. They will also take the reins on managing the City’s social media strategy, shaping its voice and swiftly responding to media inquiries. Providing critical creative direction for the City’s online presence is the key responsibility of this role – seizing the opportunity to lead crucial engagement strategies that promote equitable access to services and information!

UPCOMING PROJECTS & OPPORTUNITIES

• Communications Strategy: Establish an advanced strategy for communicating the City’s mission, vision, and values.
• Citywide Language Access Plan: Increase the accessibility of  City services by establishing consistent guidelines and practices for multilingual engagement.
• Citywide Website Content Strategy: Coordinate with the website team to develop content strategy, oversee improvements to enhance the user experience.
• Public Comments & Requests Process: Coordinate with teams across the City to build best practices for responding to requests and questions from the community.

The City of San Rafael is an Equal Opportunity Employer

Achieving your goals doesn't just give you things; it shapes who you are. The City of Sunnyvale invites you to take the next step in your career by applying for the Senior Project Manager position in the Information Technology Department. In this role, you’ll partner alongside some of the most innovative, intelligent IT professionals in the Silicon Valley as we manage the full spectrum of information technology projects: applications, system implementations, security enhancements and more.

The ideal candidate will demonstrate strong project management background in implementing applications, infrastructure components and security aspects. You'll collaborate with various departments, including Public Safety, Public Works, Community Development, and more, making this a dynamic and engaging opportunity. As the Senior Project Manager, you'll be in constant communication with department staff, the public, consultants, contractors, and other stakeholders. Delivery will be defined by smooth and efficient project execution, meaning exceptional communication and interpersonal skills are a must. Ideal candidates will possess a solid background in project management in key areas, including implementing applications, infrastructure components, and security measures. Peak performers will find our standards and possibilities irresistible - if you're looking to enable a new reality of public sector technology through innovation and integrity, we're looking for you. Apply today!

The City of Sunnyvale provides an excellent benefits package, please refer to the city website for current details on employee benefits. A complete application packet will consist of a City of Sunnyvale employment application and responses to the required supplemental questions. The position opens April 24, 2024, and final filing date is May 20, 2024, at 5:00 pm. For complete information regarding this opportunity, please visit: Sunnyvale.ca.gov 

Salary: $61.09 - $77.97 Hourly

Help shape the future of San Mateo County!

The County of San Mateo Planning & Building Department is seeking well-qualified candidates for the position of Assistant Building Official / Building Inspections Manager.

Please view the online brochure or a detailed description of this position and instructions on how to apply! https://shorturl.at/qACRU

The Position

The County is a diverse and dynamic community spanning a wide range of urban, suburban, rural, and coastal settings throughout the unincorporated community.

The Assistant Building Official leads building inspection activities to provide excellent customer service and to ensure development meets life safety, fire, structural, and energy efficiency standards.

Under the direction of the Building Official, the Assistant Building Official will assist in planning, organizing, directing, and evaluating the direction of the Building Inspection unit in the Planning and Building Department; exercise direct and indirect supervision over professional and technical staff; act as the Building Official in their absence; and perform a variety of technical tasks related to assigned areas of responsibility.

Examples of Duties

Duties may include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Assist the Building Official in planning, organizing, directing and evaluating the administration and technical direction of the Building Inspection unit.
• Select, assign, supervise, and evaluate the work of building counter and field inspection personnel; plan and coordinate in-house and field staff training and development programs; and recommend or initiate personnel actions such as promotions, transfers, dismissals, and disciplinary measures.
• Assign work activities and projects; conduct periodic field inspections to monitor workflow and ensure conformance with approved plans, specifications, ordinances, laws and materials; and conduct more difficult building and housing inspections.
• Investigate and resolve complaints or difficult interactions in the field regarding requirements or customer service; and assist in analyzing and solving administrative, office, and technical problems.
• Evaluate and review new or specialized construction practices and provide recommendations to the Chief Building Official.
• Assist staff with technical questions at the building counter.
• Serve as Acting Building Official in their absence.
• Perform related duties as assigned.

Minimum Qualifications

Any combination of education and experience that would likely provide the required knowledge, skills, and abilities is qualifying. A typical way to qualify is:

Education:

Equivalent to a Bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or university with major coursework in construction, civil engineering, architecture, public administration, management, or a related field. Occupational experience and related certificates of achievement may be accepted as evidence of required training. Additional training in management is highly desirable.

Experience:

Five years of increasingly responsible experience in building code inspection and enforcement, engineering and surveying, or code compliance, including one year of supervisory experience.

Licensure/Certification:

• ICC (International Code Council) Certification as a Combination Inspector or ability to obtain within one (1) year of hire. (Per California Health and Safety Code Section 18949.28(a).)
• Registered as a Certified Access Specialist (CASp) by the State of California or ability to become registered within one (1) year of hire.
• ICC certified as a Plans Examiner is highly desirable.

IMPORTANT: Applications for this position will only be accepted online. If you are currently on the County's website, you may click the "Apply" button. If you are not on the County's website, please go to https://jobs.smcgov.org to apply.

TENTATIVE RECRUITMENT SCHEDULE

Final Filing Date: Tuesday, May 7, 2024, 11:59 PM PST

Application Screening: Week of May 6-9, 2024

Panel Interviews: May 20 and/or 21, 2024

The position will receive a 2.5% base salary increase in July 2024.

THE POSITION

The City Attorney's Office seeks a well-qualified, motivated attorney for the position of Assistant City Attorney. This is an at-will position that serves as part of the City's executive management team. 

The Assistant City Attorney will provide legal advice, counsel, and representation to the City in areas including, but not limited to, land use, real estate, housing, and environmental law. Duties include drafting and reviewing contracts, ordinances, resolutions, deeds, permits, licenses, and other legal documents, conducting research, interpreting and updating the City Municipal Code, and providing advice to City staff. 

The Assistant City Attorney will provide counsel to the Planning Commission, the Community Development Department, other City departments, and assist with the enforcement of City Municipal Code. The Assistant City Attorney receives general direction and supervision from the City Attorney and may provide oversight and supervision to support staff. The Assistant City Attorney will oversee the work of the City Attorney's Office in the absence of the City Attorney. 

To view the full job description, click here.

THE IDEAL CANDIDATE

The ideal candidate will have a broad base of knowledge and experience in a variety of areas of municipal law such as the Brown Act, Political Reform Act, Public Records Act, contracts, personnel matters, public safety, public works, and advisory and litigation services. Extensive expertise in land use, Planning and Zoning, the Subdivision Map Act, CEQA, and Housing is especially desirable. However, applicants without land use expertise are also encouraged to apply.

The ideal candidate will have a high degree of professionalism, careful attention to detail, strong work ethic, and excellent legal judgment. The successful candidate will join a City Attorney’s Office that values collaboration, integrity, witty humor, efficiency, and exemplary customer service.  

THE DEPARTMENT

The City Attorney's Office consists of the City Attorney, Assistant City Attorney, and Department Administrative Specialist and has a departmental budget of, $1,118,400. The City Attorney's Office advises the Rocklin City Council, City Boards and Commissions, and City Departments on the legal propriety of proposed municipal actions. The City Attorney's Office also prepares and/or reviews all ordinances, resolutions. contracts and other documents and represents the City in civil litigation and acts as liaison to outside special counsel.

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS

Graduation from a law school accredited by the American Bar Association with a Juris Doctorate degree;

AND

Five (5) years of increasingly responsible experience as an attorney in the practice of civil or municipal law.

Licenses and Certificates:

• Active membership, in good standing, in the State Bar of California.
• A valid California Class C driver license or higher is required at the time of appointment. Individuals who do not meet this requirement due to a disability will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.