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DEADLINE TO APPLY:   First Review: 11:59PM on Sunday, June 2, 2024; Open Until Filled

 
THE DEPARTMENT:
The Youth and Family Services Bureau (YFSB) is a unique part of the Hayward Police Department where police officers and professional counselors work side by side offering a variety of services to the residents of Hayward. For more than 40 years, YFSB has focused on helping families succeed at home, school and in the community. YFSB seeks to strengthen the Hayward community through creating opportunities for kids to grow up in healthy and safe neighborhoods and schools. The dedicated YFSB staff strives to reduce delinquency and crime through a range of services that address the specific needs of each family. YFSB also offers a variety of prevention services that encourage youth to stay out of trouble and provide them with positive ways to engage with their peers and the community.

THE POSITION:

The City of Hayward is excited to announce its recruitment for the position of Family Counselor in a limited term and permanent full-time vacancy.  Under general direction, the Family Counselor provides crisis intervention, counseling, and referral services to youth, families, and individuals and performs other related duties as required, such as school based, case management, and gang prevention/intervention services. 

The current vacancies are for a limited term position as well as a permanent full-time opportunity.  Future vacancies can also be filled by the resulting eligible list. Candidates will be afforded the opportunity to indicate their preferred position term during the application process of this recruitment. 

The limited term position is dependent on ongoing funding for the program.  Funding has already been secured through FY2025 (June 30, 2025) and there is potential for the position to become permanent in FY2026. 

 
You are: 
The ideal candidate has experience providing short-term family counseling and case management services to youth and their families who are involved in the juvenile justice system or at elevated risk for involvement.  They are skilled at completing safety assessments and intervening with people experiencing mental health crisis.  They have the ability to work well across disciplines, particularly with law enforcement and other emergency response teams and in schools.  They are knowledgeable about local community resources and skilled at forming relationships quickly.

What you will do:  

Duties may include but are not limited to the following:

Provides crisis intervention services to youth, families, individuals, and couples including but not limited to crises involving incorrigible youth, dependent children under the court's custody, domestic violence, first time offenders, and the hospitalization of individuals dangerous to self and others.
 
Provides counseling to youth, families, couples, individuals and groups.
 
Maintains crisis intake log, case files and service statistics.
 
Provides referral information to the public, and other agencies.

Participates in division, department, community and school meetings.

Provides support service, consultation and training to patrol officers on juvenile and mental health topics.
 
Provides case management services to youth and their families.
 
Provides school based services to students and their families, including consultation and training for school administrators and teachers, implementation of school climate initiatives, and coordination of site-based student support services.
 
Provides gang prevention and intervention services to at risk and gang involved youth and their families.
 
Maintains formal and informal liaison with mental health professionals and service providers including courts, schools, private therapists, hospitals, probation and other agencies.
 
Provides emergency psychological evaluation and recommendations.
 
Responds to critical incidents and other in-field emergency situations.
 
Performs related work as necessary.

Link to full job description: https://www.governmentjobs.com/careers/haywardca/classspecs/1174318?keywords=FAMILY&pagetype=classSpecifications

CORE COMPETENCIES   

Knowledge of:   

• The theory and principles of human development, particularly child development.
• The theory and principles of social aspects of mental and emotional adjustment, including normal and abnormal behavior.
• Principles, methods and current practices of crisis intervention and counseling, which includes interviewing techniques, assessment and treatment modalities.
• Principles, methods and current practices of social casework.
• The theory and principles of child abuse, elder abuse and domestic violence treatment.
• The theory, principles and current practices of gang prevention and intervention.
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM V) system of diagnosis.
• Proficiency in the use of computer skills, including multiple software formats, email and storage of digital files.
• Community resources in the mental health and human services areas.

Ability to:  

• Perform crisis intervention and counseling services.
• Establish effective and productive casework relationships with youth, families, and individuals.
• Establish cooperative working relationships with police officers in the handling of crisis calls.
• Establish cooperative working relationships with educators and school site personnel.
• Work independently, make sound decisions and set priorities under stressful conditions.
• Work collaboratively in the highly structured environment of a police department while maintaining accepted professional standards of clinical practice.
• Communicate effectively, both verbally and in writing.
• Maintain records, including statistics, and to prepare reports.
• Work varied shifts.
• Effectively manage time, meet deadlines and prioritize workload.

JOB RELATED AND ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS  

You have:  

Any combination of experience and education equivalent to that which would likely provide the required knowledge and abilities would be qualifying. A typical way to obtain the knowledge, skills and abilities would be:

Experience:    One (1) year providing counseling or psychotherapy to youth, families, groups and individuals.  Experience with probation involved or at-risk youth and experience with school based mental health services are highly desirable; experience working in school settings is highly desirable.
 
OR
 
One (1) academic year of graduate level internship experience. One (1) relevant clinical internship placement is desirable.

Education:  Equivalent to a Master's Degree from an accredited college or university in Counseling, Clinical Psychology, Clinical Social Work or a closely related field or a Doctorate in Clinical or Counseling Psychology. (Note: Applicants with a related Master's Degree in progress are also encouraged to apply. Selected candidate will need to provide proof of graduate degree completion by the start date of employment.)

License:  Possession of a valid License in Marriage and Family Therapy (L.M.F.T.), Licensed Clinical Social Work (L.C.S.W.), Licensed Professional Counselor (L.P.C), Licensed Clinical Psychologist or a closely related field is highly desirable.

Possession and maintenance of a valid Class C California Driver's License.

BENEFITS AND REWARDS:

Depending on employee group, some of these benefits may include:

• Alternative Work Schedule and/or Telecommuting 
• Vacation - 80 hours minimum
• # Paid Holidays
• Generous employer contribution for Health, Dental and Vision coverage
• CalPERS Defined Benefit Retirement Plan (2.5% at 55 for Classic CalPERS members | 2.0% at 62 for New CalPERS members | 3.0% at 50 for Classic Safety members | 2.7% at 57 for New Safety Members) - No Social Security participation.
• Life and Disability Insurance and Paid Leave
• Flexible Spending Accounts
• Tuition Reimbursement
• Health and Wellness Reimbursement
• Professional Development Reimbursement
• 457 Deferred Compensation Plan (employee paid)

SELECTION PROCEDURE

Apply - submit a completed City of Hayward job application and responses to the Supplemental Questionnaire  which fully describe the nature of their professional experience and qualifications.

Application Review - 

A. Minimum qualifications
B. Completion of the supplemental questionnaire

The rating of the supplemental questions will determine application status and/or rank on the eligible list.   Applications submitted without all required materials will not be considered.

Department Interviews - Actual hire depends on success in the departmental selection process.  

Candidates under final consideration for employment with the City should expect to undergo an employment background/reference check that may include, but is not limited to: employment history verification, medical evaluation, confirmation of educational credentials and degrees, licenses including driver's license, registrations, certificates, and other credentials as part of the appointment process. Some positions, depending on the nature of the work, also require a credit check and a review of Summary Criminal History obtained from the State Department of Justice through Live Scan Fingerprinting.  Final selection and job offer is contingent upon successful completion of a comprehensive police background investigation, including personal history, prior job performance and activities that may negatively affect job performance, as well as a medical examination and psychological examination.  

Applicants will be notified electronically via Government Jobs as to their status in the selection process.  It is the responsibility of the applicant to ensure they can receive email notice from Neogov/Government Jobs and the City of Hayward.

The City of Hayward reserves the right to modify the selection process as necessary to conform to administrative or business necessity.

APPLICATIONS

Candidates are encouraged to apply online at www.hayward-ca.gov under the Current Vacancies tab or at www.GovernmentJobs.com.  Paper applications can be obtained by visiting the Human Resources Department at Hayward City Hall located at 777 B Street, Hayward, CA  94541.  Office hours are Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. 

Apply prior to the closing time of the job announcement and allow at least one (1) hour to submit your application if you are a new user to the system.  Our on-line application system is provided by Government Jobs. If you have problems while applying online, please contact the Government Jobs Help Desk at  (855) 524-5627.
 

The City of Hayward is an Equal Opportunity Employer

The City of Vacaville - A beautiful place to live, a great place to work!

With more than 600 employees, the City of Vacaville values work-life integration and offers flexible/hybrid work schedules, every other Friday off, employee social and wellness activities, casual dress days, competitive pay and a generous benefits and retirement package.

Contribute to our vibrant community and join the City of Vacaville!

The City of Vacaville is accepting applications for the position of Assistant/Associate Planner in the Community Development Department. Currently, one (1) vacancy exists in the Advance Planning Division, but this recruitment will also establish an eligibility list to be used for any future Assistant/Associate Planner vacancies over the next 12-month period.  

The Assistant/Associate Planner position is flexible in staffing and may be filled at either the Assistant (entry) level or Associate (journey) level, depending on candidates' qualifications and departmental needs. Individuals in the Assistant Planner role may progress to the Associate Planner level upon meeting higher-level qualifications. 

TO VIEW JOB ANNOUNCEMENT, CLICK JOB PDF OR JOB ANNOUNCEMENT URL BELOW.

DEFINITION

Under general supervision, perform various planning work, with the primary responsibility of assisting the general public on planning, zoning, and environmental requirements.  The position also helps review development and land use applications for zoning compliance, completes technical assessments and prepares written project analyses, and performs related work as required. 

The Planning Technician position is an entry-level position where technical assistance is provided to support professional staff and handle specialized project and program assignments.

Work is split between in-office and fieldwork.  Conditions involve some travel and may occasionally involve modified work hours or workdays to attend evening public hearings or weekend public outreach events.

SUPERVISION RECEIVED AND EXERCISED

Receives general supervision from the Chief of Planning. This position does not exercise supervision over others.

ESSENTIAL JOB DUTIES

Essential duties may include, but are not limited to the following:

• Provide assistance and information to the general public, developers and contractors related to planning, zoning, and environmental requirements. 
• Serve as the primary reviewer of Building Permits for zoning compliance.  
• Process administrative current planning applications (e.g., sign permits, tree removal permits, land use permits, development plans, etc.).
• Provide staff support as needed to the Planning Division, Planning Commission, Design Review Board, Historic Resource Commission and other Town departments and divisions as assigned.
• Process a variety of development proposals and permit applications, including sign permits, variances, land-use permits, development plans, and major and minor subdivisions; ensure conformance to Town standards.
• Review applications for completeness and conformance to administrative requirements; monitor the progress of applications during the development review process.
• Perform research on a variety of planning issues; prepare and/or revise ordinances.
• Coordinate development review with other divisions of Development Services and outside agencies.
• Resolve disputes between the Town and developers/property owners.
• Respond to citizen complaints, concerns and inquiries.
• Prepare reports on a wide range of planning issues; make presentations to the Planning Commission, Design Review Board and other groups, as appropriate.
• Assist with managing the Town’s affordable housing program; aid in staffing the Town’s Design Review Board.

QUALIFICATIONS

Knowledge of:

• Practical planning methodology, urban development and operations, urban design and basic land economics; current land use and urban design implementation.
• Principles and techniques of project management.
• Development process, economics, practices and procedures.
• California development law, Town planning and zoning codes, California Environmental Quality Act and other applicable federal, state and local legislation.
• Techniques of negotiation.

Ability to:

• Demonstrate community relations skills; speak publicly and explain/interpret Town practices and objectives to the public, private agencies, and organizations as required.
• Prepare reports proposals and written materials of an analytical, budgetary, financial, technical and evaluative nature.
• Establish and maintain effective work relationships.
• Utilize computer equipment and software, including Microsoft Office Suite, and GIS.
• Attend meetings at various sites within and outside of the Town to inspect various work, building, or construction sites.
• Stoop, climb, crawl, balance, maneuver, walk and stand for long periods of time; must possess the ability to lift up to 25lbs.

EXPERIENCE AND EDUCATION

Experience:

One (1) year of experience in city or regional planning or a related field.  

Education:

A Bachelor’s degree in city planning, public administration, political science, geography, urban and regional studies, or a closely related field.

LICENSE(S) AND CERTIFICATION(S)

Possession of a valid California State Driver’s License, or license in another state with the ability to obtain a California license within 30 days of hire.                

TO VIEW JOB ANNOUNCEMENT, CLICK JOB PDF OR JOB ANNOUNCEMENT URL BELOW.

The City of Berkeley invites applications for the position of Housing Inspector II (Certified)! In this role, you will perform skilled inspection work with City residential housing inspection programs. You will independently perform the full scope of work in the investigation, reporting and follow-up of housing deficiencies to gain compliance with housing, building, zoning, fire, mechanical, plumbing, electrical, and related codes and regulations.

Assignments are varied and generally require close interaction with the public, providing information and interpretation of applicable ordinances, codes and regulations. We'll expect you to exercise considerable independence and discretion in conducting inspections, resolving complaints and enforcing inspection results.

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS

A typical way of gaining the knowledge, skills, and abilities for this position is:

Equivalent to graduation from high school and at least two years of full-time experience equivalent to Housing Inspector or Building Inspector or Code Enforcement Inspector for a public agency. 

Must possess:

• An International Code Council (ICC) OR California (CA) certification in Residential Building or Housing Inspection or in Code Enforcement; and
• ICC or CA Residential or Commercial Electrical Inspector certification and ICC or CA Residential or Commercial Plumbing Inspector certification, or equivalent ICC or CA Legacy Certification for either Combination Inspector or Combination Dwelling Inspector.

Other requirements: Must be able to travel to various locations within and outside the City of Berkeley to meet the program needs and to fulfill the job responsibilities. When driving on City business, incumbent is required to maintain a valid California driver's license as well as a satisfactory driving record.

In addition to the qualifications above, the ideal candidate will have effective and courteous communication skills in order to discuss housing violations, violation remedy and necessary inspections and fees and participate in depositions and court hearings as requested. The ideal candidate can support a work environment that highlights efficiency and team collaboration in a professional and friendly atmosphere for the inspectors and administrative staff.

APPLICATION PROCESS

For first consideration, please apply by May 13, 2024.

Applicants must submit a completed application and responses to the supplemental questionnaire. Please note that resumes are not a substitute for a completed application.

Applications are available in alternative formats (audio-format, braille, large print, electronic text, etc.) upon request to ada@berkeleyca.gov. Please allow 10 days for production of the material in an alternative format.

The City of Vacaville - A beautiful place to live, a great place to work!

With more than 600 employees, the City of Vacaville values work-life integration and offers flexible/hybrid work schedules, every other Friday off, employee social and wellness activities, casual dress days, competitive pay and a generous benefits and retirement package.

Contribute to our vibrant community and join the City of Vacaville!

TO VIEW JOB ANNOUNCEMENT, CLICK JOB PDF OR JOB ANNOUNCEMENT URL BELOW.

DEFINITION:

Under general direction, manages and directs the Accounting Division of the Finance Department, including the budget development process and preparation of the budget book; budget monitoring, analysis and reporting; short- and long-range fiscal forecasting; ensuring adherence to financial policies and procedures; and capital planning.  The Accounting Manager trains and evaluates assigned staff.

CLASS CHARACTERISITICS:

This is a single position classification at the managerial level in the Finance Department responsible for managing the budget and accounting functions. The Accounting Manager has a broad range of independence within policy and procedural limitations and works under minimal supervision. The incumbent is accountable to the Finance Director for the quality and efficiency of services directed.  The Accounting Manager is expected to provide resources, system support, and oversight to all subordinate professional and paraprofessional staff. This position is responsible for the successful planning and implementation of the citywide budget process and the day-to-day accounting operations.  

EXAMPLES OF DUTIES (illustrative only):

• Plan, organize, direct and evaluate the activities of the Accounting Division including general accounting, accounts payable and payroll.
• Recommend the appointment of personnel; provide or coordinate staff training; conduct performance evaluations; work with employees on performance issues; and implement disciplinary procedures.
• Prepare, review and maintain journal entries and general ledger postings and supporting financial records and supervise the maintenance of the General Ledger.           

• Conduct and coordinate the annual audit and serve as the liaison between the City and the external auditors, provide requested information and necessary documentation for completion of the audit, and ensure timely completion of the audit, State Controller’s Office reports and other compliance reports as required.
• Oversee reconciliations of the City’s financial activities including bank accounts and investments, month-end and year-end close processes and prepare related reports.
• Plan and implement citywide budget process and related fiscal programs.
• Effectively communicate budget preparation calendar and information needs, capabilities, and limitations as well as budget policies, procedures and outcomes to departments, city officials, citizens, and other interested parties.
• Project citywide personnel costs on an annual basis and as needed.
• Monitor the City’s budget, perform budget analysis, prepare quarterly budget status reports, develop financial and capital plans, and prepare short- and long-range financial forecasts.
• Research and implement new budget initiatives that increase the usefulness and clarity of budget presentations and maximize staff efficiency.
• Conduct a variety of special studies; prepare and present various analyses, statistical compilations, and reports to City staff, City Council, or the public.
• Assist in the management of the City’s capital financing programs, including debt issuance.
• Facilitate development and implementation of improved processes and standard procedures.
• Participate in the development and implementation of Department goals, policies, and priorities.
• Assist in operational administration of risk management activities as assigned.

The City of Berkeley invites you to apply for the position of Associate Transportation Engineer in the Transportation Division of the Public Works Department! 

When assigned to development review, you will have the opportunity to review residential, commercial, industrial and public works project plans, traffic impact reports, and other development and design related documents for compliance with City of Berkeley standards and regulations including all applicable local, state, and federal codes and guidelines; evaluate and recommend mitigation measures to address adverse impacts of development projects; review plan checks for small developments; and review traffic control plans for construction projects.

When assigned to capital projects designs and traffic signal systems, you will have the opportunity to manage capital improvement projects including development of conceptual design options, detailed engineering design, bid, and construction administration; prepare council reports, conduct presentations, and respond to project-related public inquiries; design/review traffic engineering design elements for Complete Streets Projects and traffic calming projects; work with project development team to analyze street and road use for all road users focusing on safety and efficiency of transportation networks; and work with traffic signal maintenance team to maintain and upgrade city’s traffic signal system, including using Synchro traffic signal timing software. An ideal candidate in this role is proficient in scope, schedule, and cost management with managing multiple projects and competing priorities simultaneously as well as working knowledge of complete streets design principles, traffic calming and traffic control elements, civil engineering, roadway design, and Citywide plans including Bike Plan and Pedestrian Plan.

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS

A typical way of gaining the knowledge, skills, and abilities for this position is:

Equivalent to graduation from a four-year college or university with major course work in civil or traffic engineering and five years of increasingly responsible traffic engineering experience, three years of which were at a level equivalent to the Assistant Transportation Engineer class. Progressively responsible related experience may be substituted for the college course work on a year for year basis.

Other requirements include possession of a valid California Registration as a professional Traffic Engineer or a professional Civil Engineer. A CA Registration as a Traffic Engineer is preferred. Candidates must also possess a valid California driver's license and have a satisfactory driving record. Desirable qualifications include a master's degree in Transportation Engineering/Planning or a related field.  

The Construction Services Manager will directly perform a variety of new construction, skilled building and grounds repair and restoration work, supervises construction crews of staff, and manages the work of licensed contractors. The Construction Services Manager is responsible for the management and completion of repair and improvement projects at a variety of park facilities and locations.

Para ver la versión de PDF en español, por favor desplácese hacia abajo.

This is skills-based physical labor work, in all weather conditions, for a person at an intermediate level. The work performed will support MRCA’s operation of nature parks within greater Los Angeles and other MRCA efforts related to public access, open space conservation, habitat restoration, and urban park development.

The position reports to the Division Chief. Assorted tasks may be supervised by the Deputy Executive Officer. The position supervises 6-12 other staff.  

ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS

The following duties are typical for this classification. Incumbents may not perform all of the listed duties and/or may be required to perform additional or different duties from those set forth below to address business needs and changing business practices.

• Schedule and prioritize construction projects.

• Inspect and evaluate projects in the field, troubleshoot problems as needed. 

• Follow verbal and written directions.

• Assist in the design and estimating of construction projects.

• Implement safety protocols for construction tools and equipment.

• Identify and scope improvement and repair projects for park facilities.

• Maintain construction project status reports and updates to Division Chief.

• Coordinate with planning staff to assure compliance with plans and specifications.

• Coordinate with Site Managers to monitor projects and improvements. Provide input and guidance on long-term management plans for existing and new facilities.

• Comply with all Agency standards and requirements per Employee Handbook.

• Assist with preparation of bid documents and the competitive bid process. Review bid submissions and make recommendations to project managers.

• Participate in agency emergency response.

• Maintain good habits of answering and responding to incoming telephone calls and emails, and when communicating and providing customer service to citizens who seek assistance.

• Maintain positive relationships with coworkers and the public at large.

• Perform related duties as required.

JOB SPECIFICATIONS

The physical demands described here are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions of the job. While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to lift and carry items weighing up to 60 pounds for a distance up to 50 feet both indoors and outdoors;  frequently operate heavy equipment, hand tools, light equipment and power tools; constantly work in outdoor weather conditions; frequently move about work sites; communicate and exchange information; observe and document site conditions; transport equipment and tools between vehicles and work sites on a daily basis; and occasionally ascend/descend a ladder to access areas of work.

Monday through Friday, 8 hours per day, 40 hours per week.  Some evening and weekend overtime with prior approval by supervisor is expected. The position will work out of the Los Angeles River Center and Gardens and will be required to travel to various other locations. Offices at the River Center are spread among multiple buildings and floors.

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS

The following generally describes the knowledge and ability required to enter the job and/or be learned within a short period of time in order to successfully perform the essential functions. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential job functions.

• High School Diploma or G.E.D.
• Five (5) years of experience in construction-related projects.

• Must have a valid California driver’s license in good standing with a satisfactory driving record at the time of hire.
• Basic First Aid and CPR certification (or ability to complete within 6 months).
• Forklift Operator / heavy equipment certification (or ability to complete within 6 months).
• Trade certifications.

• Safe working practices, Cal-OSHA requirements.
• California Building Code and ADA.
• General construction practices.
• California regulations for the construction industry and contractors, including Labor Code.
• Proper tool care and storage.
• Basic proficiency in email and Office 365, or ability to learn.
• Bilingual skills in English and Spanish is highly desired.

• Maintain a safe and clean working environment.
• Work independently and to supervise and direct construction crews.
• Consistently follow procedures and submit required reports and paperwork.
• Maintain project deadlines per given schedules.
• Prioritize varying tasks and projects.
• Understand operation and safety of heavy equipment and power tools.
• Work in all weather conditions. Perform demanding labor on multiple consecutive days outdoors in hot weather.
• Revise work approach to address changed conditions.
• Complete projects and follow oral and written directions.
• Learn technical material.
• Work independently and with others.
• Read maps and navigate through greater Los Angeles in both urban developed and undeveloped open space areas.

• Effective oral and written English language skills. Not required to be a native English speaker, but fluency in English will be required.
• Maintain professionalism in all interactions within the Agency and vendors.
• Follow safety procedures and utilize/wear protective equipment as needed.
• Establish and maintain cooperative relations with those contacted in the course of work including the general public.

This job announcement is not intended to, and does not, create an employment contract of any kind and does not create any express or implied contractual obligations. Employment at MRCA is at-will without exception. The employee and MRCA may terminate employment at any time with or without advance notice and with or without cause.

Any provision contained in this job announcement may be modified or revoked at any time without notice.

Salary/Pay Rate: $103,944 - $145,316
Type: Full Time

The City of Lafayette is seeking two professionals in urban planning.  We are looking for urban planners who have a track record for providing high level analysis and excellent customer service, who have an interest in community development and a passion for working with residents to make their City vibrant, safe and attractive.

Located just 20 minutes from downtown San Francisco via BART, Lafayette prides itself on its charming downtown, beautiful tree-studded hillsides, and great schools. Residents expect personalized service and the ability to deliver customized solutions to the community’s unique planning guidelines.  This position will be part of the team that ensures that Lafayette can retains its semi-rural character while still accommodating smart growth strategies.

This is a challenging job in a great city!  The new planners will be joining a staff of dedicated, energetic, and fun professionals.

The Position

Senior planners will perform the following major duties:

• Process permit applications and assist in plan checking of permit requests.
• Confer with applicants to clarify information relative to zoning, general plan compliance, signage and other issues.
• Review routine to complex development proposals, applications, permits and plans for completeness and compliance.
• Prepare and review environmental impact reports, written initial studies, negative declarations, and staff reports.
• Assist the public as well as advise architects, builders, attorneys, contractors, engineers on matters relating to land use, zoning, code interpretation, general plan compliance, signage, and other issues related to the City’s entitlement process.
• Supervise lower-level planners and/or interns.