The Town of Atherton is recruiting for a Management Analyst I/II (PDF) in the Public Works Department. This will close on Friday, November 21st at 5:00 PM. All applications, resumes, and supporting documents will be received through CalOpps.  To review the full job description click here.

Job Announcement (PDF) - Click Here

Please submit your resume, cover letter, Town of Atherton application, and supplemental questions through CalOpps  or direct questions to Anthony Suber, Deputy City Manager (HR Manager) at: 

Anthony Suber
asuber@ci.atherton.ca.us | 650.752.0529  
Atherton, CA 94027 

THE ATHERTON POLICE DEPARTMENT INVITES

APPLICATIONS FOR:

POLICE OFFICER –  LATERAL OR ACADEMY

GRADUATE

THE POSITION:

The ideal candidate for Police Officer will be an individual with a high commitment to customer service, a proven record of integrity, and the ability to work comfortably in a small town atmosphere enjoyed by the residents of Atherton.

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS:

Must possess a valid California Class C Driver’s license, completion of the Basic Police Academy, and have a satisfactory driving record; POST certification to include demonstrated firearms proficiency and qualification; complete a comprehensive background investigation including a polygraph, psychological, and medical examination. 

TYPICAL DUTIES:

Applicants must be able to apply the knowledge and skills required of a sworn police officer, and display the ability to perform the following: patrol the Town in an assigned area, individually or as part of a team; provide information, directions and assistance to the public in a variety of situations; take reports and assist the public with complaints; observe, monitor and control routine and unusual traffic situations; stop motorists for various vehicle code violations, and issue traffic citations or give verbal warnings; make arrests for criminal offenses; serve warrants and subpoenas; transport individuals for medical clearance and booking at the County facility; be available to work a wide range of schedules that may include weekends, holidays, and night shifts.

COMPENSATION PACKAGE:

The current monthly salary for this position ranges from $11,083.14 - 13,471.63, depending on qualifications.

Benefits include: California Public Employee Retirement System (CalPERS), medical, dental and vision insurance; Educational Assistance Plan (EAP); sick leave incentive and conversion plan, deferred compensation.

APPLICATION, TESTING AND HIRING CRITERIA

All applicants are required to submit a letter of interest and a current resume' delineating their education, training and experience. There is NO closing date as the application period will remain open until the position(s) are filled. The hiring process will include, but is not limited to: evaluation of the letter of interest and personal resume’, oral interview panel, and Chief of Police interview.  Successful applicants must meet or exceed the aforementioned minimum qualifications.

Please submit all paperwork to the following:

Atherton Police Department
c/o Commander Dan Larsen, 80 Fair Oaks Lane, Atherton, CA 94027 or via email – dlarsen@ci.atherton.ca.us

 For further information regarding the Town, you can log on at www.ci.atherton.ca.us or contact us at 650-752-0503

DEADLINE – OPEN UNTIL FILLED

THE ATHERTON POLICE DEPARTMENT INVITES APPLICATIONS FOR:

          COMMUNICATIONS DISPATCHER

                             (PER DIEM)

$46.46 - $56.48 Per Hour

Per Diem positions are not eligible for benefits

THE POSITION:

This can be a stressful and demanding job located within the Police Department requiring shift work, weekend and holiday duty.  Although hours vary, this is an on-call, as-needed position that is paid hourly.  Using RIMS (Records Information Management System), per diem dispatchers dispatch police and transfer calls to Fire & EMS under emergency conditions; receive residential alarm calls and take calls of an emergency and non-emergency nature from citizens; greets public and assists at the front counter.  Dispatchers must remain calm and tactful under trying conditions, remembering detailed information, and thinking clearly while performing several tasks at once.

To maintain familiarity with the Atherton Police Dispatch Center, we can offer guaranteed 16 hours of shifts spread over a few days per month. You'll provide break relief while also getting a chance to work with another dispatcher. Since we may not always have many shifts available, expectations would be that you would also assist with open shifts/sick calls as needed and not just rely on the 16 hours.

The Town of Woodside is seeking a Director of Public Works/Town Engineer to join the Public Works and Building Department under the direction of the Town Manager. The Town will select the candidate with the best combination of experience and education that aligns with the customer service values of Town Hall.

The Town of Woodside:
Woodside is a rural residential community of approximately 5,300 residents located on the San Francisco Peninsula in San Mateo County. The Town is bordered by Redwood City to the north, Atherton and Menlo Park to the east, Portola Valley to the south, and the Santa Cruz Mountains to the west. Residents of Woodside are highly educated and active in local government. The Town maintains an intricate equestrian trail system and many residents keep horses.

Woodside spans 14 square miles and is a largely affluent residential community in Silicon Valley. It has an intentionally small and rural historic business district and is home to the Village Pub, Firehouse Bistro, Buck’s of Woodside and Alice’s restaurants. The Town is currently updating its Town Center Area Plan and is seeking resident input for possible improvements to circulation, pedestrian safety, parking, development, open space, land uses and more.

The Opportunity:
The Director of Public Works/Town Engineer will provide seasoned leadership to advance progressive Town initiatives. Bringing extensive Public Works management experience with excellent communication skills, cultivates positive relationships, approachable, responsive, and innovative. The Town values transparency, accessibility and a forward-facing approach to customer service and resident engagement.

The Director of Public Works/Town Engineer will plan, organize, and provide administrative direction and oversight for all public works functions and activities, including infrastructure engineering, design and construction, streets and traffic control, engineering plan checking, permit approval, facility, parks and infrastructure maintenance.

The duties include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Assume full management responsibility for all department services and activities including engineering, capital improvements, streets, sewer, storm drain systems, building permitting, and vehicle and equipment maintenance; recommend and administer policies and procedures.
• Manage the development and implementation of departmental goals, objectives, policies and priorities for each assigned service area.
• Establish, within Town policy, appropriate service and staffing levels; monitor and evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery methods and procedures; allocate resources accordingly.
• Plan, direct and coordinate the Public Works Department's work plan; assign projects and program areas of responsibility; review and evaluate work methods and procedures; meet with key staff to identify and resolve problems.
• Assess and monitor workload, administrative and support systems, and internal reporting relationships; identify opportunities for improvement; direct and implement changes.
• Provide for the selection, training, professional development, and work evaluation of department staff, authorize discipline as required; provide policy guidance and interpretation to staff.
• Oversee the development and ensure proper implementation and progress of capital improvement projects.
• Review, edit and sign off on reports to the Town Manager regarding capital improvement projects for submission to the Town Council.
• Develop and maintain familiarity with Federal, State, County and regional funding programs and maximize grant acquisition for capital projects.
• Supervise long-term and complex assignments with responsibility for project development, establishing priorities, developing timelines, evaluating work assigned to staff and assuring quality and accuracy of departmental output.
• Review and analyze claims and potential liability matters and provide professional assistance to the Town Manager, Town Attorney, Town Council and insurance claims adjusters.
• Oversee and participate in the development and administration of the department budget; approve the forecast of funds needed for staffing, equipment, materials and supplies; timely approval of expenditures; annual review of capital assets; implement budgetary adjustments as appropriate and necessary.
• Prepare and administer operating and capital improvements program budget.
• Explain, justify and defend department programs, policies and activities; negotiate and resolve sensitive and controversial issues.
• Represent the Public Works Department to other departments, Town Council and outside agencies; coordinate assigned activities with those of other departments and outside agencies and organizations.
• Provide staff assistance to the Town Manager; participate on a variety of committees; prepare and present staff reports and other necessary correspondence.
• Attend and participate in professional group meetings; stay abreast of new trends and innovations in the field of public works maintenance and capital improvement project administration.
• Review and advise on plans and permits for work in Town right-of-way.
• Direct the preparation of engineering plans and specifications, bidding, competence of contractors and vendors, and the selection criteria for public contracts.
• • Read and interpret architectural drawings and plans, maps, specifications and reports while managing the 3rd part building services contract.
• Perform the duties of the Town Engineer as prescribed by State Law and Town Ordinances.
• Direct projects for the construction of all municipal public works projects.
• Respond to and resolve difficult and sensitive citizen inquiries and complaints.
• Implement, interpret and explain complex policies, procedures, codes and ordinances
• Perform related duties and responsibilities as required.

The City of Menlo Park is seeking engineering professionals, with exceptional technical and project management skills, for Senior Civil Engineer positions in the Public Works Department (Department) Capital Improvement Program (CIP) Division. The Senior Engineer will lead capital improvement projects under the supervision of the City Engineer or Public Works Director. The CIP team delivers projects for City owned facilities including streets, buildings, storm and domestic water, and parks. The Senior Civil Engineer is responsible for executing CIP projects from planning through completion and managing assigned staff.   

Engineers who prefer diversity in their work and welcome opportunities to work on challenging and visible projects are encouraged to apply. Candidates with experience in a public agency setting, or a combination of public and private sector experience, are preferred. 

About the Department

The Public Works Department consists of approximately 72 full time employees and is responsible for maintaining and improving the City’s streets, parks, water and stormwater systems, traffic signals, fleet, and public buildings.  Public Works provides many of the basic services affecting the daily lives of everyone living, working, visiting, and commuting within the City, including:  

• 26 City-owned buildings/facilities and their grounds
• A fleet of over 250 vehicles and pieces of equipment
• 97 miles of streets
• Drinking water delivery for 16,000 customers
• Flood protection and stormwater management programs particularly along the San Francisco Bay, San Francisquito Creek and Atherton Channel
• 14 parks, 2 open spaces, 14 playgrounds, 2 dog parks, 9 sports fields, and 14 tennis/pickleball courts
• Efforts to preserve and expand the urban canopy, including 20,000 public trees
• Multimodal transportation services including 42 traffic signals, safe routes to schools and citywide shuttle programs. 

The department has nearly a $40 million operating budget supported by over 25 different special/dedicated funding sources for the varied programs and services provided to the community. In addition, the City has an approximate $100 million capital improvement program, in part due to a successful track record in pursuing grants from a variety of local, state and federal sources. Some of the exciting efforts on the horizon include efforts to protect the San Francisco Bay shoreline and adjacent community from sea level rise; efforts to eliminate the City’s reliance on fossil fuels through building and fleet electrification; making investments in transportation safety through strategic quick-build projects and large infrastructure changes like a pedestrian/bicycle undercrossing at Caltrain; and ensuring the equitable delivery of services throughout the entire city in alignment with the goals and programs developed as part of the city’s first environmental justice element underway.

A job description, including examples of typical job functions and qualifying knowledge, skills, and abilities, is available by clicking on the Job Description link.

Grow & Thrive

Are you ready to take on some of San Bruno’s most impactful and complex organizational initiatives? The City is seeking an experienced and agile leader for the role of Principal Special Projects Manager—a full-time, limited duration position funded only through June 30, 2028 (or sooner if appropriations are not maintained). This “at-will” assignment is open to current qualified City employees and offers a unique opportunity to lead projects that will shape the City’s operations for years to come.

About the Role
Reporting to the City Manager’s Office, the Principal Special Projects Manager (PSPM) will lead high-impact projects across departmental boundaries. The PSPM's primary assignment is to manage the City’s migration from Eden to Tyler Enterprise ERP, overseeing the transition from planning to successful implementation. Secondarily, the PSPM will lead organizational development initiatives by serving as an internal consultant—analyzing business processes, modernizing practices, and driving innovation.

Because of the role’s unique reach, you’ll work across departments, serve as a bridge between strategy and implementation, and be relied upon to independently scope, recommend, and execute solutions for the City’s evolving needs. Assigned projects may change based on organization-wide priorities and City Council direction.

Ideal Candidate
You thrive in dynamic, ambiguous environments and enjoy a mix of strategy, hands-on management, and organizational consulting. You have demonstrated experience sourcing and managing large, multi-year, cross-functional projects, quantifying impacts, pitching and building stakeholder buy-in, and ensuring successful delivery—often with only limited resources. A background in organizational development, ERP implementation, financial system design, or internal consulting is strongly desired.

Minimum Qualifications

• Bachelor’s degree in public administration, business management, political science, or closely related field
• Five years of full-time administrative and managerial experience
• Equivalent combinations of education and progressively responsible experience may be considered

Benefits

For a comprehensive listing of employee benefits, please see the Unrepresented Plan column linked here. Important Note: This is a limited duration, full-time position that is subject to annual budget appropriations. Employment is not guaranteed beyond June 30, 2028, and may end sooner if funding is not available.

Compensation

Dependent on qualification. Approved salary range is $172-296K per year; however, appointment will be at the lower end of the range.

How to Apply - Internal Recruitment Only

This recruitment is only open to current City of San Bruno employees.  Applications may be submitted online at BambooHR.  Applications must be received by 5:00 pm on Wednesday, November 19, 2025. You are encouraged to apply as soon as possible before the recruitment is closed. The City of San Bruno utilizes a merit-based selection system. Such a system is competitive and based on broad outreach efforts and equal opportunity for qualified applicants to take part in a process designed to determine the qualifications, fitness and ability of competitors to perform duties of the position. 

Equal Opportunity Statement
The City of San Bruno is an Equal Opportunity Employer (EOE) and as such does not discriminate on the basis of age, race, color, sex, gender, religion, ancestry, physical or mental disability, marital status, sexual orientation, or national origin in its employment actions, decisions, policies and practices.  If you require special accommodations, please contact us at HR@sanbruno.ca.gov.

The Public Works Department
The Public Works Department consists of Design Engineering, Development Engineering, Construction, Civic Facilities, Transportation, Survey, and Real Property sections. The department reviews all proposed land development projects in the City and executes the design and construction of public projects such as streets, parks, and public buildings. 

First Review of Applications
The first review of applications will take place on August 26, 2025, at 12:00 p.m. (PT). This recruitment may close without notice after this date so interested applicants are encouraged to apply immediately. A resume and supplemental questionnaire (part of the online application) must be submitted with the completed City application.

To be considered for this outstanding employment opportunity, please complete an application online: www.fremont.gov/cityjobs

Selection Process
The process may include individual and/or panel interviews, background check, medical exam, and other related components. Only those candidates who have the best combination of qualifications in relation to the requirements and duties of the position will continue in the selection process. Meeting the minimum qualifications does not guarantee an invitation to participate in the process. 

Reasonable Accommodation
Human Resources will make reasonable efforts in the examination process to accommodate persons with disabilities. Please advise Human Resources of any special needs a minimum of 5 days in advance of the selection process by calling (510) 494-4660 or emailing humanresources@fremont.gov.

Contact Us
For additional information, please contact Human Resources Department at: humanresources@fremont.gov

The information contained herein is subject to change and does not constitute either an expressed or implied contract.

Applications are being accepted for the position of Police Officer ~ Lateral Transfer with the City of South San Francisco.

THIS IS A CONTINUOUS RECRUITMENT. As a continuous recruitment, please ensure timely and complete submission of employment application and supporting documents.

This job posting is for lateral-transfer only and NOT for academy graduate, academy attendee, or entry-level applicants.

THE CITY OFFERS AN ATTRACTIVE BENEFIT PACKAGE AS WELL AS CALPERS RETIREMENT PLAN.

THE DEPARTMENT:

The City of South San Francisco has 85 sworn and 35 civilian positions. The Department’s philosophy is one of participative management, with a high degree of emphasis on training and education. It employs team and community-oriented policing and problem-solving concepts and recognizes the importance of staying contemporary with technological advances. The Department acknowledges that the responsibility for public safety and the quality of life in our neighborhood is a responsibility share with the whole community. 

A new state-of-the-art Police Department building and 9-1-1 Communications Center has opened at 1 Chestnut Avenue.  The new Police Building includes a large training room for defensive tactics, a dedicated indoor firearms range, and progressive construction incorporating the latest in Police Station design concepts.  The 9-1-1 Communications center will have the latest communications and dispatching technologies to provide improved service and response to South San Francisco residents. 

SSFPD Recruitment Video

The Colma Police Department is seeking individuals for the position of Police Officer ~ Lateral and Academy Graduate who are committed to providing public safety and quality service to community residents, businesses, and visitors.

The Town of Colma, known worldwide as the "City Of Souls," is the smallest city in San Mateo County with over 1,509 residents and 1.5 million "souls." However, Colma is more than just cemeteries. Colma's commercial buildings make a distinct architectural statement resulting from design standards that encourage Spanish-Mediterranean motifs. The  small-town approach to modern, municipal government reflects a commitment to both a healthy business climate and a harmonious relationship with residents. 

THE DEPARTMENT 

The Colma Police Department is made up of 28 employees who take great pride in providing excellent police service to the community. Among police, dispatch and detective duties, the department also has an Executive Assistant, Motorcycle Officer, Bicycle Patrol Officers, members attached to the Daly City/North County SWAT team, Tactical Dispatchers, a Community Service Officer and a Reserve Police Officer Program. 

The members of the Police Department hold many values in high regard and are proud to serve those who live, visit, or do business in the Town of Colma.  They take special pride in the department motto, “Excellence is Our Standard.”  They have built a culture rooted in professionalism, honor, and outreach; where innovation and fresh ideas are welcomed. If you seek a law enforcement agency where you will be surrounded by officers of strong character, supportive Town leadership and an involved community who believes in their officers, the Colma Police Department is the place for you; a place where you are family; a department like no other.  We invite you to explore this opportunity with us!

To learn more about the Colma Police Department, you are invited to visit their website at https://www.colma.ca.gov/departments/police/.

THE POSITION

Under general supervision of a Police Sergeant, the Police Officer is a sworn position assigned to field operations to patrol for the prevention and detection of crime and enforcement of laws and regulations within the philosophy of community oriented policing.  Incumbents are normally expected to solve most work problems independently and to refer to supervisory personnel only those matters which involve policy decisions, technical questions and unusual problems at the entry level and make recommendations at the advanced level.

TYPICAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Duties may include, but are not limited to:

• Enforces laws and regulations and apprehends law breakers
• Conducts crime investigations
• Patrols for the prevention and detection of crime and enforcement of laws and regulations
• Responds to radio messages or telephone instructions and investigates reported disorders or crimes
• Notes and reports complaints, accidents, offenses and damages to property
• Reports abandoned or damaged vehicles
• Directs traffic
• Makes arrests, issues citations and warnings
• Prepares reports on arrests and property impounded
• Inspects crime scenes and questions witnesses
• Analyzes clues and information related to criminal activities
• Reviews modus operandi of known criminals
• Reports on the progress of investigations and prepares assigned cases for court
• Serves warrants
• Appears in court to testify regarding arrests and other law enforcement activities
• Writes complex and detailed reports
• Operates patrol vehicles
• Administers first aid or CPR when appropriate
• Develops cooperative working relationships and mutual aid agreements with other local public safety representatives
• Develops and maintains partnership building with the residential and business community as well as the other working departments within the Town of Colma
• Adheres to department rules, regulations, orders and procedures
• Exhibits and encourages behavior that is consistent with the Town’s risk management program and decreases risk of accident or injury to self, employees, residents, visitors and their property
• Performs other related duties as assigned

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS

Knowledge of:

• Modern office technology
• Principles and practices of customer service
• Operations, services and activities of a comprehensive municipal law enforcement program
• California driving regulations and motor vehicle operations
• Basic English composition, grammar, spelling and math
• Simple record keeping methods
• Methods and techniques of criminal investigation
• Law enforcement theory, principles and practices and their application to a wide variety of services and programs
• Principles and practices of crime prevention, suppression and law enforcement
• Use of firearms and other modern police equipment

Ability to:

• Represent the Town in a positive manner
• Establish, maintain and foster cooperative working relations with others from diverse backgrounds, including elected officials, co-workers and the public effectively and with courtesy, in person, via e-mail and over the phone
• Follow written and oral instructions and procedures
• Communicate effectively, both orally and in writing, by using proper English grammar, spelling and punctuation
• Maintain physical condition appropriate to the performance of peace officer duties and responsibilities
• Effectively deal with personal danger
• Maintain effective audio-visual discrimination and perception needed for making observations, communicating with others, reading and writing, and operating equipment and vehicles
• Exercise sound judgment and rational thinking under stressful circumstances
• Demonstrate intellectual capabilities during training and testing processes
• Utilize word processing and spreadsheet programs and personal computer
• Work effectively with a wide variety of individuals and groups, including other staff and the public
• Acquire knowledge of applicable policies, practices and functions of the division, department, Town and other governmental agencies
• Prepare and maintain accurate records and reports
• Operate a variety of office equipment
• Maintain a high degree of confidentiality

THE DEPARTMENT
The Burlingame Police Department is a municipal, full service, community oriented department.  We offer a variety of investigative, preventative, and community policing programs to both protect and serve a community that spans five square miles and is home to more than 28,000 residents.

The Burlingame Police Department is divided into two divisions: Operations and Administration.  The force currently consists of 40 police officers, made up of the Chief of Police, 1 Captain, 2 Lieutenants, 6 Sergeants, 6 Corporals, 2 Inspectors, and 22 Patrol Officers.

We are active in county-wide law enforcement efforts by participating in the San Mateo County Gang Task Force, Avoid the 23 (DUI) Task Force, Narcotic Task Force Details, Alcohol Beverage Control Operations, Office of Traffic Safety grants and as Police Academy Training Officers.

POSITION
Burlingame Police Officers are responsible for preventing crime, arresting law violators, directing traffic, etc.  In that capacity, officers may also serve in special assignments such as K-9, detective, SWAT, hostage teams, FTO, and motorcycle patrol.

EXAMPLES OF DUTIES:

• Patrol various areas within the City by driving a police vehicle or by walking to prevent criminal activity, to enforce various laws, regulations, and codes.
• Respond to radio dispatched calls and reports to crime scenes or locations of disorder to protect life and property.
• Conduct investigations, gathers information and writes factual reports involving criminal activity, traffic accidents, suspicious activity, or other unusual incidents.
• Make arrests as necessary and writes report of all arrests made and activities performed.
• Interview and interrogate suspicious persons, suspects, and prisoners.
• Gather, mark, preserve, and record evidence in criminal or related matters; testify and present evidence in court.
• Serve warrants and subpoenas.
• Assist in the performance of special investigations and perform undercover and surveillance activities when necessary.

ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS:

Knowledge of:

• State laws, local regulations, ordinances, and codes including laws or arrest, current court decisions, General Police procedures and rules.
• Standard police broadcasting procedures and codes.
• Proper use of departmental firearms.
• Geography of the local area.

Ability to:

• Understand and carry out oral and written instructions.
• Read, comprehend, write, and speak English effectively.
• Write clear, concise and grammatically correct police reports.
• Observe, hear, remember, and record facts in writing.
• Interpret, explain, and apply laws and regulations.
• Analyze and judge situations/people accurately and adopt effective courses of action.
• Mediate confrontations including those encountered during family, neighborhood or work disputes, or civil disorders, controlling hostile people or groups.
• Be free of bias against race or ethnicity, gender, nationality, religion, disability, or sexual orientation.
• Exercise judgment in determining when to use force and to what degree.
• Build effective working relationships.
• Maintain contact and preserve good relations with the public; respond to requests and inquiries from the general public.
• Use sound conflict resolution and problem solving skills.
• Arrest persons with or without warrants and physically take into custody, guarding arrestee.
• Administer first aid and CPR.

Skills:

• Operation of police vehicle at high rates of speed during emergency situations.
• Use police vehicle radios as well as hand-held portables and use proper radio codes.
• Use hand-held and/or electronic equipment for drug and alcohol detection.
• Ability to process for and lift latent evidence.
• Finger print and take palm prints from arrestees.
• Use departmentally issued firearms safely and safety equipment.

EDUCATION & EXPERIENCE:

Candidates must be a US Citizen, at least 21 years of age on date of appointment, a US high school graduate (or GED equivalent), have no felony convictions or disqualifying criminal history.  Must be able to understand and carry out verbal and written instructions, read, comprehend, write, and speak English effectively.

Entry Level - Proof of completing the POST Written Test and Physical Agility Test with a passing score.

Lateral Police Officer - To be considered for a lateral Police Officer appointment, candidates must have prior experience as a sworn law enforcement officer within the past twelve (12) months, including the completion of the field training program and probation period with a law enforcement agency.

Applicants with more than a three year break in employment as a California Police Officer or who are an out-of-state Police Officer must provide evidence of successful completion of the CA Basic POST Course waiver process.

APPLICATION PROCEDURE:

Please apply online at https://www.calopps.org/burlingame/job-20674472.

SELECTION PROCESS:
Those most qualified candidates submitting the required documents in person to the Burlingame Police Department will be invited to participate in oral interviews and other elements of the selection process.

BACKGROUND REQUIREMENTS:
Finalists will be required to undergo a thorough background investigation and criminal/vehicle records check.  Employment offers are contingent upon passing a pre-employment physical/drug screen and psychological examination.  Past substance abuse and criminal activity may be grounds for disqualification but all candidates will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.